^{#smrgKİTABEVİ} The Development of Ottoman Policies Towards Greek Associations 1861 - 1912 -

Greek associational activities in the Ottoman Empire have been seen as agents of the spread of Greek identity among the Greek-Orthodox populations of the Empire. This is no doubt, true. But for the Ottoman bureaucrats, their relationship to these activities signified something more than a confrontation with the spread of a national identity. Throughout the years, Ottoman officials tried to manipulate and direct these activities in a way to support Ottoman legitimacy. In this study, Ottoman documents concerning Greek associations are presented in a way to link them with general developments among the Greek-speaking populations of the empire and with the perception of the Ottoman bureaucracy concerning an Ottoman identity. By focusing on the Ottoman bureaucrats' perceptions and plans in these two fields, this study plans to contribute to the challenging of the standard historiography concerning Greek associations, which deals with the issue in seclusion without paying attention to Ottoman governments' plans and desires.

Introduction

Acknowledgements

Note on The Transliteration

Preface

Chapter I - Introduction

The Tanzimat

The Millet System

Education

Philanthropy

Chapter II - The Development Of The Legal Environment

The Ottoman State and Collective Activity

Ottoman Bureaucrats and Greek Words

The Many Uses of the Word Cemiyet

Islamic Law and Associations

Monitoring the Associations

The Development of Ottoman Regulations Concerning Associations

The 1860s

The 1870s

The Hamidian Era

After the Young Turk Revolution: The 1909 Law of Associations

Conclusion

Chapter III - Areas Of Activity: Education and Philanthropy

Education

Education, Associations and Ottoman Identity after the Young Turk Revolution

Philanthropy

Ottoman Bureaucracy and Greek Philanthropic Activity Before the Young Turk Revolution

Philanthropy after the Young Turk Revolution

Conclusion

Chapter IV - Ways to Legality: Patriarchal Links and Secular Possibilities

The Place of the Patriarchate in official correspondence on Greek Associations

Secular Possibilities for Greek Associations within the Ottoman Legal System

Ottoman Legality and the Meanings of Rum when Used for an Association in the Ottoman Empire

Uses of the Term Rum for Associations Outside of the Empire

Yunan Associations

Conclusion

Chapter V - Epilogue

Appendix

Bibliography

Index