^{#smrgKİTABEVİ} The Ottoman Empire in World War I: Prelude to War - Volume 1 -

Between 1911 and 1923 the Ottoman Empire was engaged in over a decade of almost constant war and mobilization, a period which in western history is looked at as five separate wars: the Tripoltanian War between the Ottoman Empire and Italy (1911-1912), the two Balkan Wars (1912-1913), World War I (1914-1918), and the Turkish War of National Liberation (1918-1923). To most Turks who lived through those years, they were viewed simply as one long war. It is purpose of this study to examine the Ottoman Empire during Wolrd War I as it related to the wars that both preceded and fallowed it.

İçindekiler: TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS AND SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

1. THE DIPLOMATIC BACKGROUND AND THE OTTOMAN ALLIANCE WITH GERMANY AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY... 1

2. FROM ALLIANCE TO WAR: OTTOMAN EUROPEAN

DIPLOMACY, AUGUST-NOVEMBER, 1914 76

Russia and the Armenian Question: Beginnings of the Armenian Revolt 79
Triple Entente Efforts to Ally with the Balkan States and Secure Ottoman Neutrality in the European War 105
Efforts by the Central Powers to Enduce the Ottomans to join their side 110

3. OTTOMAN MOmUZATLON/SEFERBERLİK 113

Army Mobilization and Organization 113
Conscription and Recruitment for the Ottoman Armed Forces 152
Imposition of Martial Law Administration//Idare-i Örfiye .... 172
Organization and Regimentation of Ottoman Society 192
Training Ottoman Youths for Army Service: The Güç/Genç Dernekleri/Youth Battalions 196
Economıc Natıonalısm 203
i. Ottoman Industry, Trade and Agriculture 203
ii. Abolition of the Capitulations 238
iii. The Tekalifi Harbiye/' War Taxes and Tedarik-i Vesait-i Nakliye/Acquisition of Transport Vehicles Taxes 286
iv. Financial Mobilization 293
The Labor Battalions/Amele Taburları 339

4. THE OTTOMAN ARMY INTELLIGENCE SERVİCE AND GUERILLA ARMY: THE TEŞKİLATI MAHSUSA AND ITS INITIAL EFFORTS 353

Historical Background and Formation 353
Central Organization and Command 361
Financial Resources 364
Membership of Agents 366
The Career of Eşref Kuşçubaşı 369
Recruitment of Fighters/Fedaiyin 373
Indıscipline of Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa Guerilla officers and fighters 379
Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa military, intelligence, propaganda and guerilla campaıgns before the Ottomans entered World War 1 381
i. Southeastern Europe 382
ii. The Black Sea 383
iii. Pan-Islam and the Rauf Orbay mission to Iran and Afghanistan 386
iv. The Arab Provinces 410
v. The Ukraine 414
vi. Eastern Anatolia and the Caucasus 416
Unification of the Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa groups in Eastern Anatolia and Establishment of the Caucasus Revolutionary Committee 430

5. INTERNAL SECURITY: TRIBES, BANDITS, REBELS AND TERRORISTS 457

6 . POPULATION MOVEMENTS: REFUGEES AND OTTOMAN SOCIETY BEFORE WORLD WAR1 483

The Caucasus 484
Russian and Balkan Ethnic Cleansing: Beginnings of Müslim Flight Into Ottoman Territory, Late Eighteenth, Early Nineteenth Century 485
The Crimean War and After: The Emigration Commission/Muhacirin Komisyonu in the mid Nineteenth Century 487
The Russo-Turkish War and After: The Emigrants Commission and the îdare-i Umumiye-i Muhacirin Komisyonu/General Directorate of Emigration Commission in the late
Nineteenth Century 491
Circassian and Laz Migration 516
The 1890's and the Ottoman-Greek War. The Muhacirin Komisyon-u Alisi/Yiigh. Commission for Emigrants 524
Jewish Mİgration into the Ottoman Empire 531
Muslim-Christian Tension and Conflict: Christian Mİgration out of the Ottoman Empire 535The Early Twentieth Century: The Muhacirin-i İslamiye Komisyonu/Commıssıon for Müslim Emigrants 537
Bosnian Muslims 541
Albanian Muslims 543
Indian Muslims 547
The Tripolitanian War 548
The Balkan Wars 549
Population Exchanges 562
The Settlement of Emigrants Regulation and Department of Tribes and Emigrants ve Muhacirin Müdürlüğü 567

7. NAVAL MOBILIZATION 578

Revival of the Ottoman Navy 578
Ottoman-Greek Naval Rivalry in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean 592
Ottoman-Russian Naval Rivalry in the Black Sea 605
8. BRITISH CONFISCATION OF THE SULTAN OSMAN AND THE REŞADİYE 618
9. PURSUIT AND ESCAPE OF THE GÖBEN AND THE BRESLAU: COUNTDOWNTOWAR 626
Looking back: The Ottoman Empire on the eve of World War I 740
ENDOFVOLUMEI 742